Papers with label representations
Label Representations in Modeling Classification as Text Generation (2020.aacl-srw)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for text generation use strings to represent labels . linguistic properties of labels do affect performance, though their results are limited to document retrieval. |
| Approach: | They investigate the effect of string representations on how effectively a model learns a task . they use four standard text classification tasks to model string representation . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves on four standard text classification tasks . the results are largely negative in the low data setting . |
Improving Pretrained Models for Zero-shot Multi-label Text Classification through Reinforced Label Hierarchy Reasoning (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing zero-shot learning methods for multi-label text classification mostly learn a matching model between the feature space of text and the label space. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a graph encoder to incorporate label hierarchies to learn effective label representations on the zero-shot multi-label text classification problem. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms previous non-pretrained methods on the zero-shot multi-label text classification task. |
Distinct Label Representations for Few-Shot Text Classification (2021.acl-short)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for few-shot text classification ignore the semantic relevance of labels and are difficult to train because of the lack of training examples. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that generates distinct label representations that embed information specific to each label. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly improves few-shot text classification across models and datasets. |
Zero-shot Label-Aware Event Trigger and Argument Classification (2021.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing work on event extraction relies on labor-intensive annotation, ignoring semantic meaning of event types' labels. |
| Approach: | They propose a zero-shot event extraction approach that first identifies events with existing tools and then maps them to a given taxonomy of event types in a no-shot manner. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach doubles the performance of previous approaches on a ACE-2005 dataset . it leverages label representations induced by pre-trained language models and maps events to the target types . |
Label Semantics for Few Shot Named Entity Recognition (2022.findings-acl)
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Jie Ma, Miguel Ballesteros, Srikanth Doss, Rishita Anubhai, Sunil Mallya, Yaser Al-Onaizan, Dan Roth
| Challenge: | Named entity recognition (NER) is a fundamental natural language understanding task that requires large amounts of high quality annotated in-domain data. |
| Approach: | They propose a neural architecture that leverages the semantic information in the names of the labels to give the model additional signal and enriched priors. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is especially effective in low resource settings. |
Auxiliary Knowledge-Induced Learning for Automatic Multi-Label Medical Document Classification (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for ICD indexing use machine learning to assign subset of codes to medical records . experimental results show proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on a number of measures. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that uses a deep dilated residual convolution encoder to learn document representations across different lengths of the texts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on a number of measures. |
A Language Model-based Generative Classifier for Sentence-level Discourse Parsing (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to consider textual coherence are limited in labeled data. |
| Approach: | They propose a language model-based generative classifier that uses labels as input and embeds labels into their representations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed classifier achieves state-of-the-art in discourse segmentation and relation F1 scores with gold boundaries and automatically segmented boundaries. |
HTCInfoMax: A Global Model for Hierarchical Text Classification via Information Maximization (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing models for hierarchical text classification do not consider statistical constraint on label representations learned by structure encoder. |
| Approach: | They propose a new hierarchical text classification model called HTCInfoMax which incorporates two modules to improve the model's representations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can model the interaction between each text sample and its ground truth labels explicitly which filters out irrelevant information. |
Prototypical Extreme Multi-label Classification with a Dynamic Margin Loss (2025.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent work in XMC addresses this problem using deep encoders that project text descriptions to an embedding space suitable for recovering the closest labels. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that uses a shallow transformer encoder to combine text-based embeddings, label centroids and learnable free vectors to improve XMC efficiency. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art in several public benchmarks of different sizes and domains while keeping the model efficient. |
BCL: Bayesian In-Context Learning Framework for Information Extraction (2026.findings-acl)
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Haoliang Liu, Chengkun Cai, Xu Zhao, Han Zhu, Shizhou Huang, Xinglin Zhang, Tao Chen, Jenq-Neng Hwang, Zhang Huaping, Lei Li
| Challenge: | Existing information extraction (IE) tasks rely on in-context learning with large language models. |
| Approach: | They propose a Bayesian-based in-context learning framework that refines label representations across IE tasks using particle filtering and Bayes updates. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves performance over existing methods (up to 30%) it underperforms one-shot prompting by a substantial margin on NER tasks and CodeIE fails on RE tasks with near-zero micro-F1. |